Fire retardant resin compositions of post-chlorinated vinyl halide-bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymers

ABSTRACT

There are disclosed post-chlorinated copolymers of: (1) one or more vinyl halides; (2) one or more bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates; and (3) as an optional component one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers. These post-chlorinated products have a higher glass transition temperature than the copolymers from which they are derived and are, therefore, of greater utility in many applications such, for example, as in the preparation of polyblends with burning thermoplastics wherein they impart a significant degree of flame retardance without causing substantial reduction in the heat distortion temperature of the resulting polyblends.

United States Ratemt 1 Goswami et a1.

[ 1 Apr. 3, 1973 [54] FIRE RETARDANT RESIN COMPOSITIONS OF POST- CI-ILORINATED VINYL HALIDE- BISGIYDROCARBYL) VINYLPHOSPHONATE COPOLYMERS [75] Inventors: Jagadish C. Goswami, New York, N.Y.; Jung Il Jin, lrvington, N.Y.

-[73] Assignee: Stauffer Chemical Company, New

York, N.Y.

[22] Filed: Dec. 23, 1970 [21] App1.No.: 101,194

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,062,792 11/1962 McConnell et a1 ..260/80.71 3,489,706 1/1970 Mikofalvy ..260/80.71 3,551,400 12/1970 Yonezu et a1 ..260/92.8 A

Primary Examiner-William H. Short Assistant Examiner-L. M. Phyn'es Attorney-Wayne C. Jaeschke, Martin Goldwasser and Daniel S. Ortiz [57] ABSTRACT There are disclosed post-chlorinated copolymers of: (1) one or more vinyl halides; (2) one or more bis(hydrocarby1) vinylphosphonates; and (3) as an optional component one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers. These post-chlorinated products have a higher glass transition temperature than the copolymers from which they are derived and are, therefore, of greater utility in many applications such, for example, as in the preparation of polyblends with burning thermoplastics wherein they impart a significant degree of flame retardance without causing substantial reduction in the heat distortion temperature of the resulting polyblends.

12 Claims, No Drawings FIRE RETARDANT RESIN COMPOSITIONS OF POST-CHLORINATED VINYL HALIDE- BIS(IIYDROCARBYL) VINYLPIIOSIHON ATE COPOLYMERS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION As is known to those skilled in the art, the copolymers of the bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates, and particularly the copolymers of bis(betachloroethyl) vinylphosphonate with vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, display excellent fire retardancy properties resulting from the presence, therein, of high concentrations of phosphorus and chlorine. These properties have led to the use of these copolymers as fire retardancy additives for various substrates such, for example, as for the so-called burning thermoplastics which include, for example, polystyrene, the polyolefins, polymethyl methacrylate and the ABS resins; these thermoplastics having the property, upon being ignited, of continuing to burn until substantially consumed.

As might be expected, the blends of these vinyl halide: bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymers with burning thermoplastics, which are usually referred to as polyblends, exhibit excellent flame retarding properties. However, their usefulness is somewhat limited because of the reduction in their Tg, i.e. in their glass transition temperature, which results from the inherently low Tg of the flame retardant copolymer additives utilized in their preparation. Thus, the glass transition temperature of a resin or polymer is the temperature at which it undergoes a reversible change characterized by a rather sudden transition from a hard, glassy or brittle condition to a flexible or elastomeric condition. Other properties of a polymer, including its coefficient of thermal expansion, specific heat and density also usually undergo changes at the same time that this transition occurs since the molecular chains of the polymer, which are normally coiled, tangled and motionless at temperature below the Tg, become free to rotate and slip past each other. I Thus, as a result of the inherently low Tg of the vinyl halidesvinylphosphonate copolymers, certain of the properties of their polyblends with burning thermoplastics are deficient. This is particularly evident with respect to the heat distortion temperature of these blends. This property, which is also often referred to as the deflection temperature under load, i.e. the DTL, or the tensile heat distortion temperature, is the temperature at which a standard test bar of the polymer, whose specifications are defined in ASTM D648, deflects 0.010 inches under a stated load of either 66 or 264 psi. Needless to say, a polymer having a low heat distortion temperature will be inoperative in many applications which require its exposure to high temperatures. Therefore, although polyblends of burning thermoplastics with vinyl halidezvinylphosphonate copolymers display excellent flame retardant characteristics, their low heat distortion temperatures preclude their use in certain situations wherein they would otherwise meet the standards set by various building codes or where they could safely be employed in place of more costly materials.

It is, therefore, the prime object of this invention to provide a means for increasing the inherently low Tg of vinyl halide:

bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymers. It is a further object of this invention to utilize the thus improved copolymers in the preparation of polyblends with burning thermoplastics characterized by their excellent fire retardant properties which are achieved without any serious diminution of the physical properties of such blends and particularly their heat distortion temperatures. Various other objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the disclosure thereof which follows hereinafter.

TECHNICAL DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION It has now been discovered that the inherently low Tg of vinyl halide:bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymers can, surprisingly,'be increased by means of a post-chlorination procedure, i.e. a procedure in which the previously prepared copolymer is chlorinated. Thus, the resulting postchlorinatcd copolymers are found to have undergone an unexpected and rather substantial increase in their Tg which now makes it possible to utilize them in the preparation of fire retardant polyblends with various burning thermoplastics which are characterized by the fact that they have not undergone any detrimental effects upon their physical properties, particularly their heat distortion temperatures. Moreover, it is also truly surprising and advantageous to find that the post-chlorinated copolymers resulting from the process of this invention display an outstanding degree of compatibility and are, therefore, readily blended with a wide variety of burning thermoplastics since, as is well known to those skilled in the art, physical blends of two or more polymers are almost always characterized by a substantial degree of incompatibility.

In greater detail, now, the vinyl halide:bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymers which can be postchlorinated by means of the process of this invention may be said to comprise copolymers of:

1. one or more vinyl halides selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride. From the latter. group, the use of vinyl chloride is preferred because of its lower cost and greater commercial availability; and,

2. one or more bis(hydrocarbyl),vinylphosphonates having the structure:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen halogen, cyano, aryl such as phenyl, haloaryl C C alkyl, C C haloalkyl and wherein R and R are 'hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups consisting essentially of hydrogen and carbon and containing up to about l8 carbon atoms inclusive with the proviso that R and R may be the same, different or conjoint, i.e., R and R may form one single radical.

The use, in this disclosure, of the expression hydrocarbyl" and substituted hydrocarbyl groups refers to the radicals obtained upon the removal of a hydrogen from a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon group which may be either an aliphatic or aromatic group. These hydrocarbyl groups may be substituted with any non-interfering groups, i.e., with any group which does not interfere with the polymerization of the bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate. Such substituent groups include, for example, chloro, bromo, fluoro, nitro, hydroxy, sulfone, ethoxy, methoxy, nitrile, ether, ester and keto groups and the like.

Illustrative of such aliphatic groups as are represented by R and R are alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, nonyl, pentenyl and hexenyl groups and all of their respective isomers; cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl groups and the like; while typical aryl groups represented by R and R include phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, tolyl and naphthyl groups and the like.

Representative of the above depicted bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates are:

Bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate;

Bis(beta-chloropropyl) vinylphosphonate;

Bis(beta-chloroethyl) l-methylvinylphosphonate;

Bis(beta-chloroethyl) l-cyanovinylphosphonate;

Bis(beta-chloroethyl) l-chlorovinylphosphonate;

Bis(beta-chloroethyl) l-phenylvinylphosphonate;

Dimethyl vinylphosphonate;

Diethyl vinylphosphonate;

Bis(omega-chlorobutyl) vinylphosphonate;

Di-n-butyl vinylphosphonate;

Diisobuty1 vinylphosphonate;

Bis(Z-chloroisopropyl) l-methylvinylphosphonate;

Di-n-propyl vinylphosphonate;

Di-isopropyl vinylphosphonate;

Diphenyl vinylphosphonate; and

Bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) vinylphosphonate.

From the above group of bis(hydrocarbyl) vi nylphosphonate monomers, it is preferred to employ bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate in preparing the copolymers utilized in the post-chlorination process of this invention since the latter monomer is a commercially available material and lower in cost than any of the other bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates. It is to be noted, at this point, that the use of the term copolymer in this disclosure is meant to apply to polymers derived from two, three or more distinct monomer species.

In addition to the above described bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates, it is also possible to prepare copolymers useful in the post-chlorination process of this invention by employing:

(1) mono(alkyl) acid vinylphosphonates such, for example, as mono-(ethyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(butyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(octyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(beta-chioroethyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(omega-chlorooctyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate; (2) mono(cycloalkyl) and mono(aryl) hydrogen vinylphosphonates such, for

example, as mono(cyclohexyl) hydrogen v1- nylphosphonate, mono(phenyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(benzyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate; (3) bis(cycloalkyl) and bis(aryl) vinylphosphonates such, for example, as bis(cyclohexyl) vinylphosphonate and bis(benzyl) vinylphosphonates; and (4) bis(alkyl),bis(cycloalkyl), and bis(aryl) allylphosphonates such, for example, as bis(betachloroethyl) allylphosphonate, bis(cyclohexyl) allylphosphonate and bis-(benzyl) allylphosphonate as well as mixtures of any two or more of the above described phosphonate monomers.

The copolymers applicable for use in the postchlorination process of this invention may also, if desired, contain one or more optional vinyl comonomers, i.e., one or more ethylenically unsatu rated monomers, including vinylidene halides such as vinylidene chloride. vinylidene bromide and vinylidene fluoride; alpha-olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butylene; vinyl esters of carboxylic acids such as vinyl acetate, vinyl butyrate, and vinyl stearate; the C -C alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, Z-ethylhexyl acrylate and lauryl acrylate; aryl, haloand nitrosubstituted benzyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid such as benzyl acrylate and 2-chlorobenzyl acrylate; ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic-acids such as acrylic and methacrylic acids; ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, their anhydrides and their C C monoand dialkyl esters such as aconitic acid, fumaric acid, mal'eic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, maleic anhydride, dibutyl fumarate and monoethyl maleate; amides of ethlenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylamide and methacrylamide; vinyl pyrrolidones such as N- vinyl-2-pyrrolidone; vinyl aryl compounds such as styrene and alpha-methyl styrene; nitriles of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; and, C -C alkyl vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether and stearyl vinyl ether. Preferred for use as optional comonomers are the vinylidene halides, particularly vinylidene chloride; the vinyl aryl compounds particularly styrene; and, the lower alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids,

With respect to proportions, the vinyl halidezvinylphosphonate copolymers applicable for use in the postchlorination process of this invention may contain from about 5 to percent, by weight, of one or more of the above described bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates, from about 5 to 95 percent, by weight, of one or more of the above described vinyl halides and from O to about 50 percent, by weight, of one or more of the above described optional vinyl comonomers.

The above described copolymers may be prepared by means of any convenient free radical initiated polymerization technique known to those skilled in the art including such procedures as suspension, emulsion and solution polymerization.

Thus in preparing these vinyl halidezvinylphosphonate copolymers by means of a suspension polymerization technique, the reaction is conducted in an aqueous medium containing from about 0.1 to 5.0 percent, as based on the total weight of the monomer mixture, of a suspension agent such, for example as gelatin, starch, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, talc, clay, polyvinyl alcohol and the like. As a catalyst for the polymerization, one may use from about 0.01 to 5.0 percent, as based on the total weight of the monomer mixture, of a monomer soluble azo or peroxide catalyst such, for example, as azobisisobutyronitrile, lauroyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, isopropylperoxy dicarbonate, t-butyl peroxypivalate and the like.

Polymerization may ordinarily be initiated by heating the system to a temperature in the range of from about 20 to 120 C. for a'period of from about 5 to 48 hours with agitation being applied throughout the course of the reaction. The resulting product will comprise an aqueous suspension of the desired copolymers which will be in the form of particulate solids having a resin solids content in the range of from about 5 to 50 percent, by weight. These copolymer particles will have a particle size in the range of from about to l,000

microns with a range of from about 50 to 500 microns being preferred when these copolymers are to be used in the post-chlorination process of this invention.

In preparing these copolymers by means of an emulsion polymerization procedure, the selected monomers are dispersed in an aqueous medium containing from about 0.01 to 5.0 percent, by weight of the monomers, of one or more anionic, non-ionic or cationic emulsifiers such, for example, as the alkyl carboxylic acid salts, the alkyl sulfate salts, the alkyl sulfonate salts, the alkyl phosphate salts, the alkyl sulfosuccinate salts, the alkyl aryl ether alcohols and the alkyl aryl polyether sulfate salts. The aqueous monomer emulsion is then heated for about 5 to 48 hours at a temperature of from about to 120 C. in the presence of from about 0.0l to 5.0 percent, by weight of the monomer mixture, of a water soluble free radical initiating catalyst such, for example, as ammonium, sodium or potassium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide or a redox system comprising a mixture of persulfate with an alkali metal bisulfite,

thiosulfate or hydrosulfite.

And, in preparing these copolymers by means of a solution polymerization procedure, the selected monomers are first dissolved in an organic solvent such, for example, as benzene, toluene, cyclohexanone, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, trichloroethylene, dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide. The resulting solution is then heated for from about 5 to 48 hours at a temperature of from about 20 to 120 C. in the presence of a monomer soluble azo or peroxide catalyst as exemplified by the compounds listed, hereinabove, in describing the suspension polymerization process.

As ordinarily prepared by means of the above described polymerization procedures, there vinyl halide:bis(hydrocarbyl) vinyl-phosphonate copolymers will have a Tg in the range of from about -20 to 100 C. And, it is to be noted, that it is preferred to employ copolymers which have been prepared by means of a suspension polymerization process in conducting the post-chlorination process of this invention since such procedures are simple and economical and produce a polymer having a proper particle size for the subsequent postchlorination reaction as well as for its convenient recovery from the polymerization reaction system.

Specific copolymer compositions which have been found to provide particularly good results upon being post-chlorinated in the process of this invention are copolymers of vinyl chloride and bis(betachloroethyl) vinylphosphonate having monomer ratios, by weight, of :20, 75:25, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50.

The post-chlorination treatment of the above described copolymers is, preferably, carried out in the presence of ultraviolet radiation using gaseous chlorine as the chlorinating agent. Thus, the selected copolymer will ordinarily be dispersed in water so as to form a slurry having a concentration of from about 5 to 50 percent, by weight, of copolymer solids. The system should also contain from about 10 to 400 percent, by weight of copolymer solids, of concentrated hydrochloric acid and from about 5 to 50 percent, by weight, of copolymer solids of a swelling agent for the polymer. These swelling agents are chlorinated hydrocarbons such, for example, as carbon tetrachloride, c'hlorobenzene and, preferably, chloroform. Other swelling agents for the polymer such, for example, as dimethyl sulfoxide can also be used if desired. The reaction vessel containing the polymer slurry is then positioned close enough to a source of ultraviolet radiation so as to produce a reaction temperature of from about 0 to C. and preferably from about 40 to 65 C. For example, when employing a 400 watt mercury vapor lamp, the reactor should be about 7-9 inches from the radiation source.

While under vigorous agitation, the reaction vessel should be purged with nitrogen gas for about 15 minutes whereupon chlorine gas is introduced until, after a period of from about 5 to 20 minutes, it is noted that the copolymer slurry has become greenish-yellow in color. At this point, the flow rate of the chlorine should be adjusted so as to be within the range of from about 0.5 to 20, and preferably at about 3, cubic .centimeters per minute per gram of copolymer solids whereupon the ultraviolet radiation source is turned on. The reaction is then allowed to proceed until the chlorine content of the copolymer has been increased by from about 2 to 50 percent, and preferably by from about 10 to 40 percent, by weight, so that the resulting product now has a chlorine content in the range of from about 35-75 percent, by weight. This ordinarily requires a reaction period of from about 1 .to 8 hours. The resulting post-chlorinated copolymer should then be treated with a dilute aqueous alkaline solution such, for example, as a solution of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide so as to neutralize the excess hydrochloric acid. It should then be filtered, washed several times with water and then with a lower alkanol, such as methanol, whereupon it may be dried by any convenient means such, for example, as by the use of a vacuum oven.

In addition to the above described chlorination procedure, the post-chlorination process of this invention may be carried out using any desired chlorination process which is capable of increasing the overall chlorine concentration of the vinyl halide:vinylphosphonate copolymer by from about 2 to 50 percent,

sulfonate, isopropylpercarbonate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, azobisisobutyronitrile, azomethane, azbis(a, ydimethylvaleronitrilc) and the so-called redox catalyst systems.

As a result of the above described post-chlorination treatment, the Tg of the vinyl halidezvinylphosphonate copolymers will have been increased by from about to 80 C. and, preferably, by about to 50 C. so that the post-chlorinated copolymer will have a Tg of from about l0 to 150 C. The thus modified copolymers can now be used to prepare polyblends with burning thermoplastics which are characterized by their outstanding fire retardancy and their ease of blending. And, of great significance, is the fact that these blends do not have any serious deficiencies in their physical properties, and particularly, in their heat distortion temperatures, when compared with the particular unmodified, burning thermoplastic which is used in their preparation.

As used in this disclosure, the term fire retardant or flame retardant is intended to refer to that particular property of a material which provides it with a degree of resistance to ignition and burning. Thus, a fire or flame retardant composition is one which has a low level of flammability and flame spread. This property may be conveniently evaluated by means of any of the standard flame retardancy tests such, for example, as the ASTM test D-635. In brief, this test involves preparing 5 X 0.05 inch specimens from sheets of the polymer undergoing evaluation. These specimens are then suspended so that their 5 inch dimension is horizontal and their '7: inch dimension is inclined at a 45 angle. One end of the suspended specimen is then contacted, for 30 second periods, with a one inch high flame from a inch diameter barrel Bunsen burner fitted with a 1% inch wide wing top.

The thermoplastic polymers which can be used in preparing polyblends with the novel post-chlorinated copolymers of this invention include:

1. polymers of vinyl chloride including polyvinyl chloride and the random and graft copolymers of vinyl chloride with a minor proportion of one or more of the above described-group of vinyl comonomers which were listed as optional comonomers for use in preparing the vinyl halidezvinylphosphonate copolymers.

2. polymers of nitriles of ethylenically unsaturated acids including polymethacrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile and the copolymers of methacrylonitrile or acrylonitrile, and a minor proportion of one or more vinyl monomers such as the lower alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, styrene and alpha-methyl styrene.

3. polymers of methyl methacrylate including polymethyl methacrylate and the copolymers of methyl methacrylate with minor proportions of one or more alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated monomers which are polymerizable therewith including the C C alkyl, cycloalkyl and bicycloalkyl esters of acrylic acid and the C C alkyl, cycloalkyl and bicycloalkyl esters of methacrylic acid such, for example, as ethyl acrylate and methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, norbornyl acrylate, and cyclohexyl acrylate; vinyl aryl compounds such, for example, as alphamethyl styrene and styrene; and, nitriles of alpha, betaethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such, for example, as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. From the above given group, the use of the C -C alkyl esters of acrylic acid, particularly ethyl acrylate, and of the C C alkyl esters of methacrylic acid is preferred.

4. acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, commonly referred to as ABS resins, which generally comprise either a mixture of a to :40 to 20 styrenezacrylonitrile copolymer with from about 10 to 40 percent, by weight, of a 5 to 40:95 to 60 acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer or a mixture of a 60 to 80:40 to 20 styrenezacrylonitrile copolymer with from about 10 to 40 percent, by weight, of a graft of the latter copolymer onto polybutadiene.

5. poly(alpha-olefins) such as polypropylene and polyethylene and copolymers of one or more alphaolefins, such as ethylene or propylene, with a minor proportion of one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers including 4-methyl pentene-l, butene-l, norbornene and its derivatives; cyclopentadiene; cyclopentene; cyclobutene; vinyl acetate; the C,C, alkyl acrylate and methacrylate esters; as well as blends of the homoand copolymers of alpha-olefins with other types of thermoplastic polymers.

6. polymers of styrene including polystyrene, poly(alpha-methyl styrene) and poly(tertiary butyl styrene) and copolymers of styrene alpha methyl styrene or tertiary butyl styrene with a minor proportion of one or more ethylenically unsaturated comonomers such, for example, as nitriles of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids including acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; C C, alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids, such, for example, as methyl methacrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate; and, graft copolymers of styrene, tertiary butyl styrene or alpha-methyl styrene with polybutadiene and other hydrocarbon elastomers.

7. cellulosic resins including cellulose esters and mixed esters such, for example, as cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, cellulose acetatepropionate and cellulose ethers such, for example, as ethyl cellulose.

8. polyamide resins, i.e., the resins made by the condensation of dior polyamines with dior polybasic acids or by polymerization of lactams or amino acids. Typical polyamides include nylon 4 which is made from pyrrolidone; nylon 6 obtained by polycondensation of caprolactam; nylon 66 obtained by the condensation of hexamethylene diamine with adipic acid; nylon 610 obtained by the condensation of hexamethylenediamine with sebacic acid; nylon 7 which is a polymer of ethyl aminoheptanoate; nylon 9 made from 9-aminononanoic acid; and, nylon l 1 made from ll-amino undecanoic acid.

9. polyester resins, i.e., the resins produced by the condensation of saturated or unsaturated dibasic acids, such as terephthalic, maleic, fumaric, isophthalic, adipic and azelaic acids with dihydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol. Where the resin is made with an unsaturated acid, a polymerizable monomer such, for example, as styrene, vinyl toluene, diallyl phthalate, methyl methacrylate; chlorostyrene, alpha-methyl styrene, divinyl benzene or triallyl cyanurate is often included in the composition.

l0. polyurethane resins, i.e., the resins forlned by the reaction between a bior polyfnnctional hydroxyl coritaining compound, such as a polyether or polyester, and a dior polyisocyanate such as toluene diisocyanate or diphenylmethane-4, 4-diisocyanate.

l l. polycarbonate resins, i.e., the resins derived from the reaction'between a difunctional alcohol or phenol, such as bisphenol A, and phosgene or an alkyl or aryl carbonate.

12. polyacetal resins, i.e., the resins derived from the anionic polymerization of formaldehyde to obtain a linear molecule of the type OCH OCH O Cl-l l3. polyphenylene oxide resins made by the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of a copper-amine'complex catalyst.

14. polysulfone resins, i.e., the resins containing an SO linkage as derived from the reaction of sulfur dioxide with olefins such as l-butene or, more preferably, by reaction of bis-phenol A with 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone.

15. the acrylate:styrenezacrylonitrile resins, commonly referred to as ASA" resins, which comprise copolymers containing a major proportion of a C -C alkyl acrylate ester elastomer upon which is grafted about 6595 percent, by weight of the latter copolymer, of a 70-80z30-20 styrenezacrylonitrile copolymer.

16. the methacrylate:butadienezstyrene resins, commonly referred to as the M88 resins, which comprise a minor proportion of a methyl methacrylate:styrenezacrylonitrile terpolymer grafted and/or blended with either polybutadiene or a copolymer of butadiene and minor proportions of such comonomers as, for example, styrene and acrylonitrile.

In effect, one may utilize any thermoplastic polymer, i.e., any polymer that may be softened by heat and then regain its original properties on cooling, in preparing polyblends with the novel post-chlorinated copolymers of this invention.

The actual blending of the post-chlorinated copolymer additives of this invention with the selected polymeric substrate, i.e., with any one or more of the above described thermoplastic polymers, may be accomplished by means of any convenient procedure which will result in an intimate admixture of the additive within the mass of the substrate polymer. Thus, for example, an aqueous suspension containing the particles of the copolymer additive may simply be blended or otherwise admixed with the substrate polymer which should, preferably, be in the form of an aqueous latex or suspension. r, if desired, the copolymer additive and the thermoplastic polymer substrate may be admixed while each is in the form ofa solid powder.

The blending operation may also be carried out by means of a procedure in which the thermoplastic polymer which comprises the substrate is itself polymerized while in the presence of an aqueous emulsion or suspension or organic solvent solution containing one or more of the previously prepared postchlorinated copolymer additives of this invention.

With respect to proportions, the amount of postchlorinated vinyl halide:bis(hydroearbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymer which may be admixed with a thermoplastic polymer substrate will depend,

Ill

primarily, upon such factors as the particular posh chlorinated copolymer and thermoplastic polymer substrate which are to be blended with one another, the degree of fire retardancy desired in the resulting blend, the degree of clarity, hardness and other specific physical properties which are sought as well as other technical and economic considerations known and understood by those skilled in the art. However, in order to attain a composition which will be self-extinguishing, it is generally desirable to introduce an effective concentration of the copolymer additive which will be sufficient to provide the resulting blend with at least about 0.5percent, by weight, of phosphorus. Thus, depending upon the concentration of the vinylphosphonate in the post-chlorinated copolymer, the polyblends containing the novel additives of this invention will containfrom about 5 to 50 percent, by weight, of one or more of these post-chlorinated copolymers.

The fire retardant polyblends of this invention can be prepared so as to contain various optional additives which may include plasticizers such as the alkyl esters of phthalic, adipic and sebacic acids such, for example, as dioctyl phthalate and di-tridecyl phthalate and aryl phosphate esters such, for example, as diphenyl 2- ethylhexyl and tricresyl phosphate, etc.; lubricants and mold release agents such as stearic acid or its metal salts, petroleum based waxes, mineral oils, polyethylene waxes, etc.; and heat and light stabilizers such as barium, cadmium, calcium, zinc soaps and phenates, basic lead compounds, organo-tin compounds, such as dialkyl tin mercaptides and dialkyl tin maleates, thiolauric anhydride and n-butyl stannoic acid, epoxidized oils, alkyl diphenyl phosphites, triaryl phosphites, phenyl salicylates, benzophenones and benzotriazoles, etc. For a more complete listing of plasticizers, lubricants, stabilizers and other functional additives, one may consult Polyvinyl Chloride" by H. A. Sarvetnick published by Van Nostrant Reinhold Co.,New York,N.Y.,in 1969.

These polyblends may also contain fillers, pigments, dyes, opacifying agents, decorative additives such as reflective metal foils or flakes, and other imbedded solid objects such as fiber glass, textile fibers, asbestos, paper, and the like, provided that they do not detract from the flame retardancy of these products. In addition, the compositions may contain other flame retardants such as antimony compounds, chlorinated paraffins perchlorinated alicyclic compounds, bromine containing organic compounds, halogenated alkyl phosphates or phosphonates, alkyl acid phosphates, or small concentrations of phosphoric acid.

The novel polyblends of this invention, comprising blends of any of the above described thermoplastic polymers with one or more of the post-chlorinated copolymer additives of this invention, may be utilized in any of the coating, impregnating and especially in the molding applications known to those skilledin the art wherein it is desired to provide fire retardancy to the resulting end product. For example, these compositions may be used for preparing such diverse items as calendered films, blow molded bottles, extruded and blown films, extruded and shaped articles such as panels, tubes, sheets, rods, fibers and particularly in polypropylene and other polyolefin fibers, and in carry- .ing out such processes as injection molding, fluidized bed coating, electrostatic powder spraying and rotational coating, etc. More particularly, those polyblends which are optically clear such, for example, as those based upon homoor copolymers of methyl methacrylate or homoor copolymers of styrene may be utilized for preparing such articles as lenses, aircraft canopies, windows, Windshields, lighting fixtures and advertising displays. Applications wherein optical clarity is not essential include such automotive applications as seat backs, door panels, instrument panels, head rests, arm rests, package shelves, plated hardware, radiator grills, fender extensions and liners, wheel covers and gas tanks. Non-automotive applications include their use as structural and decorative components for both the interiors and exteriors of conventional houses and mobile homes and as structural and decorative elements of business machines and electrical appliances.

In addition to being used as fire retardant additives for the preparation of polyblends, the post-chlorinated copolymers of this invention may be used in any of the various coating, adhesive, laminating, impregnating and molding applications known to those skilled in the art. Thus, they may be coated upon and/or absorbed by all types of substrates to which it is desired to impart fire retardant properties They may, therefore, be used as coatings, impregnants, fillers, laminants, and adhesives for such substrates as wood; paper; metals; textiles based on either natural or synthetic fibers or blends thereof; synthetic polymer films such as those based upon polyolefins, regenerated cellulose, i.e., cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters and the like; leather; natural and synthetic rubber; fiberboard; and, synthetic plastics prepared by means of either addition or condensation polymerization techniques.

The following examples will further illustrate the embodiment of this invention. In these examples, all parts given are by weight unless otherwise noted.

EXAMPLEI This example illustrates the preparation of a postchlorinated vinyl halide:bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymer by means of-the process of this invention.

Into a 2-liter resin kettle reactor fitted with a stirrer, condenser, a sintered-glass dip tube for the introduc tion of chlorine gas and a thermometer, are charged the following materials:

The copolymer slurry is vigorously agitated and N gas is then bubbled through the slurry for about 15 minutes followed by the passage of chlorine gas for another 15 minutes after which time a greenish-yellow color has been imparted to the slurry. At this stage the chlorine flow rate is adjusted to a rate of 3 cc/min/g of copolymer whereupon the ultraviolet light source is turned on thereby heating the system to the desired reaction temperature of C.

After 4 hours of exposure time, the chlorinated product is treated with a 5 percent aqueous NaHCO solution for a period of approximately 1 hour so as to neutralize the excess acid. It is then filtered, washed several times with water and then with methanol whereupon it is dried in a vacuum oven at 60 C., for 20 hours. This procedure provides a yield of 280 g. of the chlorinated copolymer. The analysis of this product as well as of the unchlorinated copolymer used in its preparation is given in the following table.

Unchlorinatcd Chlorinated Property Copolymer Copolymer Cl 50.6 65.1 P 2.73 1.93 Tg(C) 76 l 10 The above given data illustrate the substantial increase in Tg which is obtained in the post-chlorinated copolymers of this invention in comparison with the original, unmodified copolymers from which they are derived.

EXAMPLE II This example illustrates the use of the postchlorinated copolymers of this invention in the preparation of fire retardant polyblends with various burning thermoplastics.

The polyblends described in the following table are prepared by physically mixing their'respective components followed by pressing the resulting mixtures in a laboratory press at approximately 330 F. under a pressure of 40,000 psi for a period of from about 0.5 to about 2 minutes.

As shown in-the table, the resulting blends display reduced flammability upon having their limiting oxygen index (LOl) determined by means of ASTM D-2863; the latter procedure also being described by Fenimore and Martin in the Nov., 1966, issue of Modern Plastics. in brief, the LOl directly relates flameretardancy to a measurement of the minimum percentage concentration of oxygen in a oxygenznitrogen mixture which permits the sample to burn; the LOI being calculated as An :20 vinyl chloridc:bis(heta-chloroethyl) 50 vinylphosphonate copolymer in the form of tonows- 0 beads having a particle size of about 300 1 [0 Hm microns 200 g' g l- [N Distilled Thus a hi her LOI i indie r r h' h a r Cone. HCl (37%) 400 l r g S a We 0 a 1g 61, egree O CHC] 75 ml flame retardancy.

Thermoplastic polymer substrate Pol yblend LOI 3 (i) ABS l7. 4 All ABS resin (ii) 70% ABS plus 30% (PVC/BB 2L4 pith-5%, APS plus 50% C-VC/B I}. 25.1 i (X po ystyreiun 1&2 l'ol vsty|'euv .{(il) 70 polystyrene plus 30% CARY/BB." :Ltl iii) flog/ ptxilyskyreue plus 50% (1V(./BB 2A. 0 v i 100 Pl 1 s a 17.3 lfolynu-lliyl metluu-i'ylnliti (I'MMA).. {(ii) 70%? IMMA plus 30% (3-VC/I3B 4 2.1.0 (iii) 60% IMMA. plus 50% (J-VC/BB a i 26.0

I lll -mlex 311" sold by thr- Marlion lliemieal Division of the Borg-Warner Corp. (Y'\ tllill llm pust-el1loriuatecl \'lll \'l ClllOlitluZhi5(lltELzbClllOlOQthYl) vlnylphosphonate copolymer whose preparation is dust-.rihml in Example 1. liereiuabove. Y

The thus charged reactor is positioned 7 inches from a 400-watt mercury vapor lamp so as to be able to produce a reaction temperature of 60 65 C.

Comparable results are obtained upon blending this same post-chlorinated copolymer additive with other burning thermoplastics including polyethylene,

polypropylene, polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride resins.

Moreover, excellent fire retardant polyblends are also provided by the use of the following post chlorinated copolymers:

l. A post-chlorinated 70:30 vinyl chloride:bis(betachloroethyl) l-cyanovinylphosphonate copolymer containing 48 percent of Cl and 3.5 percent of P;

milled sheets obtained from these blends are compression molded into 1/16 inch thick plaques and cut into specimens whose flammability rating is evaluated according to ASTM D-635 and whose heat distortion temperature, in terms of their deflection temperature under load (DTL), is evaluated according to ASTM D-648. The results of these tests are set forth in the following table:

. DTL Flammability Thermoplastic polymer substrate Composition of polyblend F.) rating ABS resin 100% ABS 184 Burning.

Do 50% ABS plus 50% C-VG/BB 1 173 Non-burning. Do r 50% ABS plus 50% VC/BB 151 Burning. Polymethyl methacrylate 100% PMMA 190 Do.

Do 50% PMMA plus 50% C-VC/BB. 176 Non-burning. Do 50% PMMA plus 50% V C/BB 161 Self-extinguishing.

l C-VQ/BB=The post-chlorinated vinyl chloride:bis(heta-chloroethyl) viuylphosphonato copolymer whose preparation is described hereinahove.

2 VC/Bl3;'lhe 75:25 vinyl chloride:his(huta-ehioroethyl) vinylpliosplionate copolymer used to prepare the above (itStlllNd post-chlorinated copolymer.

2. A post-chlorinated 80:20 vinyl bromide:bis(betachloropropyl) vinylphosphonate copolymcr containing 60 percent of En and 2.5 percent of P;

3. A post-chlorinated 40:20:40 vinyl chloridezethyl acrylate:bis(beta-chloroethyl) l-phenylvinylphosphonate copolymer containing 32 percent of Cl and 4 percent of P;

4. A post-chlorinated 60:40 vinyl chloridezdi-n-butyl vinylphosphonate copolymer containing 34 percent of Cl and 5.6 percent of P; and,

5. A post-chlorinated 70:30 vinyl chloridezdi-phe'nyl vinylphosphonate copolymer containing 40 percent of Cl and 3.6 percent of EXAMPLE [II Chlorine content of the unchlorinated copolymer 50% Chlorine content ofthe chlorinated copolymer 67.4% Phosphorus content of the unchlorinated copolymer 3.3% Phosphorus content of the chlorinated copolymcr 2.3%

Polyblends are then prepared from the above described post-chlorinated copolymer as well as from the copolymer used in its preparation by blending each, respectively, with an equal portion of polymethyl methacrylate and an ABS resin sold as LUSTRAN 461 by the Monsanto Co. Each of these blends also contains 3 percent, by the weight of the postchlorinated copolymer, of an organotin stabilizer sold as Thermolite 31 by M & T Chemicals, Inc. The

EXAMPLE IV This example illustrates the preparation of additional specimens of the post-chlorinated copolymers of this invention.

Utilizing the general procedures described in Exampics I and lil, additional vinyl chloride:bis(betachloroethyl) vinyl-phosphonate copolymers are chlorinated utilizing the specific reaction conditions set forth in the table. In each case, 200 gms. of copolymer are reacted for 4 hours at 40 C. at a chlorine flow rate of 3 cc/min/gm of copolymer. The analysis of the resulting post-chlorinated products as well as of the copolymers used in their preparation is also given in this table.

Composition Cone. of Analysis of Analysis of of Swelling unchlorinated Chlorinated Copolymcr Agent Yield Copolymcr Copolymer VC/BB (ml) (g) %Cl "r/P %Cl %P /30 65 240 48.2 4.27 56.8 3.35 60/40 40 230 45.3 4.83 53.8 4.4 50/50 20 2l5 43.6 6.53 48.9 6.02

Variations may be made in proportions, procedures and materials without departing from the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.

' What is claimed is:

1. A post-chlorinated copolymer of: (1) at least one vinyl halide and (2) at least one bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate having the structure:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, aryl and haloaryl, C,C, alkyl and haloalkyl, and

il/ ps1 wherein R and R are hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups having non-interfering sub- ,stituents, said hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl consisting essentially of hydrogen and carbon and con-' taining up to about 18 carbon atoms inclusive with the proviso that R and R can be the same, different or conjoint, said post-chlorinated copolymer having a chlorine content in the range of from about 35 to percent, by weight.

2. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, wherein said bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate is bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinyl-phosphonate.

3. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, wherein said vinyl halide is selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride.

4. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 3, wherein said vinyl halide is vinyl chloride.

5. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, wherein said vinyl halide is present in a concentration of from about 5 to 95 percent, by weight, and said bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate is present in a concentration of from about 5 to 95 percent, by weight.

6. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, wherein at least one optional ethylenically unsaturated comonomer is also present therein in a concentration of up to about 50 percent, by weight, said ethylenically unsaturated comonomer being selected from the group consisting of vinylidene halides, alpha-olefins, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, C C alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, aryl-haloand nitro substituted benzyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, C C monoand dialkyl esters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, amides of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, vinyl pyrrolidones, vinyl aryl compounds, nitriles of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and C -C alkyl vinyl ethers.

7. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, having a Tg in the range of from about 1 0 to 150 C.

8. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, which is prepared by reacting gaseous chlorine and a vinyl halidezbis (hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymer, said reaction being carried out while said copolymer is being exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

9. A post chlorinated vinyl chloride:bis(betachloroethyl) vinylphosphonate copolymer having a chlorine content of from about 35 to percent, by weight.

10. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 9, wherein said vinyl chloride is present in a concentration of from about 5 to percent, by weight, and said bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate is present in a concentration of from about 5 to 95 percent, by weight.

11. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 9, having a Tg of from about l0 to l50 C. and a chlorine content of from about 35 to 75 percent, by weight.

12. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 6 wherein said optional ethylenically unsaturated comonomer is selected from the group consisting of vinylidene chloride, styrene, and the lower alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid. 

2. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, wherein said bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate is bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinyl-phosphonate.
 3. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, wherein said vinyl halide is selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride.
 4. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 3, wherein said vinyl halide is vinyl chloride.
 5. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, wherein said vinyl halide is present in a concentration of from about 5 to 95 percent, by weight, and said bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate is present in a concentration of from about 5 to 95 percent, by weight.
 6. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, wherein at least one optional ethylenically unsaturated comonomer is also present therein in a concentration of up to about 50 percent, by weight, said ethylenically unsaturated comonomer being selected from the group consisting of vinylidene halides, alpha-olefins, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, C1-C20 alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, aryl-halo- and nitro substituted benzyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, C1-C20 mono- and dialkyl esters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, amides of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, vinyl pyrrolidones, vinyl aryl compounds, nitriles of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and C1-C20 alkyl vinyl ethers.
 7. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, having a Tg in the range of from about -10* to 150* C.
 8. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 1, which is prepared by reacting gaseous chlorine and a vinyl halide:bis (hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymer, said reaction being carried out while said copolymer is being exposed to ultraviolet radiation.
 9. A post chlorinated vinyl chloride:bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate copolymer having a chlorine content of from about 35 to 75 percent, by weight.
 10. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 9, wherein said vinyl chloride is present in a concentration of from about 5 to 95 percent, by weight, and said bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate is present in a concentration of from about 5 to 95 percent, by weight.
 11. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 9, having a Tg of from about -10* to 150* C. and a chlorine content of from about 35 to 75 percent, by weight.
 12. The post-chlorinated copolymer of claim 6 wherein said optional ethylenically unsaturated comonomer is selected from the group consisting of vinylidene chloride, styrene, and the lower alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid. 